Week Five

1862

Dear Diary,

   Father came home with this newspaper a while ago announcing the events of the latest battle in the war:

The Battle Of Gettysburg

After Lee's victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville, he led his army into Gettysburg in hopes to seize supplies such as shows for his soldiers. Lee wished to next win a battle on northern ground to gain attention from Britain and/or France. Next, Lee's men ran into Union troops  led by General Buford. Buford men spread out northwest and called for reinforcements. 

The first day of battle, June 1st,  the Confederates were in the lead as they pushed Union forces into higher ground in the south. However, when nightfall came General Meade, who aided the Union troops who were already there and strengthened their position. The Union army dug a two and a half mile defense line from Culps hill southward until Cemetery Ridge. The Federal line ended at the hills Little and Big Round Top. 

On July 2nd, Lee planned to assault the two ends of the Unions line. Colonel Chamberlain, a Union defense, ordered a bayonet charge against the Confederates, which ended in hundreds of the Confederates to surrender. 

On July 3rd, Lee still had high hopes of victory and  he commenced an artillery barrage aimed at the middle the Union Line. Thousands of the brave Confederate soldiers were trampled by the Union cannons and firearms. After their loss, Lee abandoned his invasion in the North and led his army back into Virginia. This appears to be the last battle that the south will fight on Union soil again.

     I heard from father that recently (late November), Lincoln went the the Gettysburg sight and deliver the Gettysburg Address, in honor of the fallen soldiers. Lincoln said the Civil War was a struggle to uphold the Declaration of Independence. I think the South in the war shouldn't have been so ignorant to think they could win a battle on the Union soil when they can barely win a battle on their own. The Confederates have much less then the Union such as food and weapons, Lee shouldn't be as proud as he is when fighting the battle. My father is of course mad over this loss, he says that the Confederates need to step up if we are planning on winning the war...

Love Florence

1864

Dear Diary

  I heard my parents speaking of a war technique called total war. From what I overheard, it is a strategy that targets not only the military side but the civilians too, in order to weaken the economy that supports them. This is the technique that General Grant from Mississippi Valley uses to fight the Confederate forces, as Mississippi now belongs to the Union. It took him months to fight the south and many of his battles ended in victories, which caused the south many serious losses. 

The total war method was also used by William Sherman, as he attempted to march 250 miles to the port of Savannah, along with 60,000 other troops. Sherman ordered the men to loot supplies along the way as well as destroying everything left behind. I learned that on their way, Sherman's army destroyed buildings, killed and ruined hundreds of homes, and even burned down Atlanta once the confederates were drove out. 
Here is a map of Sherman's march to the sea:


  I think that Sherman's march s so important because it gives war a whole new strategy, never before has America fought in this way, attacking an economy in order for victory. I think this form of fighting is cruel and inhumane, I don't think this is a good face for Lincoln. It is apparent that he did not think of what could possibly happen if or when the United states become one again, as the south is being severely attacked.

1864

Dear Diary,

      Here is what everyone has been talking about recently: 

           Supposedly and not surprisingly, after many losses in the war, the Confederates have been growing tired and they are beginning to speak of peace. The Vice President, Alexander Stephens set up a meeting with Lincoln discussing those matters yet in the end there were no results. The main reason for this was the 13th Amendment. I heard that if it were ratified, then slavery would end in the US. The people here in the south were too ignorant to give up on living a life with no slavery. After it passed in December, Lincoln is now focusing on bringing the Confederate states back into the Union, which was something that even many of the northerners didn't want. I think that it is a beneficial thing for the Union to be back together to end much chaos and confusion. Lincoln then announced his 2nd Inaugural Address announcing that he wished for peace and unity in the states. My father told me that many people were mad at him in the south because they believe that if  Lincoln didn't want war then he shouldn't have started it. The north wants to punish the south and therefore they wish to keep their distances from us. 

Here is footage of the speech Lincoln gave:

Love Florence










1864
Dear Diary, 

       I talked to Tommy the other day and he told me of his family's plan to run away. With all the chaos happening with the war and the now evident fact that the north will win, it is best to escape now. They plan to move west and take advantage of the Homestead Act. I told him it was a good idea and promised I wouldn't tell my father. I'm so happy for Tommy to leave, but I will miss him as he was someone I could talk to about everything. He told me he will write to me once the war is over and that was the last thing he said before him and his family left to find the Underground Railroad.

Love Florence

1865

Dear Diary,

             I head from the newspaper that a few weeks after the Inaugural Address, Confederate soldiers led by Lee's army attempted to break into the siege of Petersburg yet they failed. Lee ordered a retreat from Petersburg as they finally saw that the situation was essentially hopeless. Lee's army was starving and exhausted as they were then trapped at Appomattox Court House in Virginia by the Union. On June 9th, Lee then finally surrendered to Grants army. After this, many other Confederate leaders followed and surrendered as well. After the surrender, the Union soldiers were ordered not to "gloat" and now saw their former rebels as neighbors. I think that even though they are saying this, nothing will be the same between the states again. I also heard news of African Americans celebrating on June 19th, the day that the news reached he Southwest. Even though the war is not over, I think Lee's surrender is important because it could potentially lead to the victory of the Union, which means an end to slavery.

Here is a painting of Lee surrendering to Grant that I found in father's notebooks:

Love Florence






1865
Dear Diary, 

      

Something enormous happened last week! Lincoln was assassinated! Everyone is talking about it, It all started when Lincoln went to go see a play (Our American Cousin) a few days after Lees surrender. One of the actors, John Wilkes Booth, who also happened to be a Confederate supporter, sneaked up to the president's private box as he fired a single bullet into the back of his head. The next morning, Lincoln died from the injuries! After several days, Booth was hunted down and killed in Virginia. They found out that Booth was part of a plot to not only kill Lincoln but the Vice President and the Secretary of State. The plotters were hoping to cause chaos in the north in order for the South to regroup and continue with the war. 

          Lincoln's tragic murder caused many northerners to unite and it cause them to see Lincoln now as a hero a skilled leader. Here in the south I'm sure many were pleased at this news, yet I feel like Lincoln was one of the biggest factor that caused many slaves to be free and for that I will always see him as a good man. 

Here is a cartoon in the newspaper that depicts the murder:

                         Love, Florence

1866

Dear Diary,

        

It has been months after the civil war has ended. From the start, I believed that the north would win right away. The Confederacy was a new country and even though they did have a lot of advantages, those of the north superseded theirs. The north's bigger population, greater technological prowess and more abundant resources. The Union clearly was able to develop new advantages and fearless leaders such as Grant and Sherman. On the other hand, the south used up their resources, often leaving the troops starving and without supplies. Even though some may argue, the North also had leadership from Lincoln, who applies skill to overcome difficulties with the war. For example, the emancipation proclamation was a step that led the north and the African Americans in America to withstand their northern spirits and giving them a greater reason to fight for. 
Here is something I found that explains what would happen if the South won he civil war (skip 1 min):

  I know I always seemed more lenient towards the northern side, and it was because I wished for slavery to end. But the reality is, I feared for the Confederates because it is where I live and my lifestyle consists of it. The realities of the war were extremely brutal, a fate I would not wish on anyone. After the civil war was over, about 600,000 people died, and more injured or scarred.

 

      In the north, industrial boom caused by the war continued. Congress passed both the Land Grant College act and the legislation that authorized a protective tariff. This protected northern industry from foreign competition and payed off debts for the Union war efforts. Many banks and cities are currently undergoing industrialization, causing the economic power in the US emerge.

 

      Unlike the north, here in the south many of the cities remain burned down and farms and families were destroyed. The economic footing was extremely hard for us to regain after the war, trying to rely on the north and our agriculture in order to help our economy. Some of my family think that the loss was a noble cause, some southerners thought the South would be redeemed while on the other hand others believe that they should pray for forgiveness. Most of the former slaves are beginning to migrate westward like Tommy and his family did in order to start a new life. 

Here is a picture of what most of the south was left in after the civil war:

  As for the government, the sectional differences sadly still remained strong but nothing as bad as the war was. The war helped make the federal authority concrete.  Despite the harsh outcomes, I believe that the war helped well over a million people become less subjugated to a person because of their race, I'm glad that slavery is over and I'm glad I could help Tommy leave and start a better life with his family. 

For the last time, love Florence

Works Cited

"The Top Three Leadership Lessons from the Battle of Gettysburg Diamond6 Leadership and

        Strategy." The Top Three Leadership Lessons from the Battle of Gettysburg Diamond6 

         Leadership and Strategy. Diamond6, n.d. Web. 21 Feb.
 
         2016. (http://diamondsixleadership.com/2013/07/04/the-top-three-leadership-lessons-from-the-

         battle-of-gettysburg/).

"Lincolns Second Inaugural Address." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.

           (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8VqFiU3fSU).

McDaniel, Rick. "Amend the 13th Amendment." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, n.d.

           Web. 21 Feb. 2016.(http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rick-mcdaniel/amend-the-13th-

           amendment_b_5517715.html).

"Lee Surrendered, But His Lieutenants Kept Fighting." Opinionator Lee Surrendered But His 

           Lieutenants Kept Fighting Comments. N.p., 21 Feb. 7231. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.

          (http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/lee-surrendered-but-his-lieutenants-kept-

          fighting/).

"Our Nineteenth-Century American Museum." Our NineteenthCentury American Museum RSS. N.p.,

          n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.  (http://amst312.umwblogs.org/2009/04/03/lincoln%E2%80%99s-

         assassination/)

"South After the Civil War." Jkblick -. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2016.


        (https://jkblick.wikispaces.com/South+After+the+Civil+War)

"What If The South Had Won The American Civil War?" YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 21 Feb.

         2016. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwn-37jbJ-A)

Week Four

July 1861

Dear Diary,

       Recently my uncle has been asked to serve in the war by the Confederacy, everyone is much proud of him and they view him as a jewel of the family. His name is Richard Smith. We have recently received a telegraph from him stating the newest news regarding the war. I have enclosed the paper below:



"Dear loving family,
 As you all are much aware of, I have recently been asked to prove service for the Confederacy. Last week, we won a great victory against the Union. I wish to tell you my experiences.

As I waited with as few other soldiers outside of Washington, we see a large sum of Union soldiers approach us, all weapons in hand. Our army and theirs met at Bull Run, a creek in Virginia. For the first couple hours of fighting, the Union troops gained the lead. That is, until Stonewall Jackson (General Thomas J. Jackson) sent the Union troops running back to Washington. We later found out that as a response, Lincoln only called for additional troops and replaced the former general that was in charge with a man named George McClean."


After father read this allowed to mother and I, I felt an immediate sense of overwhelming pity. Many, including myself, took the news of the battle of Bull Run as a shock because it showed people that the war wasn't one that was going to end quickly, and many might not be prepared for the outcomes of it.

Dear Diary,

September 1862's newspaper:

Battle At Antietam: The Confederacy Takes a Blow

Occurrence At Antietam

 General Lee led his troops into Maryland, hoping to start a pro-Confederate uprising on Union soil, which in plan was supposed to gain European recognition. Unfortunately, this did not go according to plan after Lee wanted an Ally with Maryland. They called for Union soldiers as a response and a few days later the Union soldiers, led by McClean, found a copy of Lees battle plan and took attack.
 The two armies went to battle as the Union troops attacked in three phases, and at the end of the day their victory was followed by death of more than 23,000 soldiers. So far this has been the bloodiest day of the Civil War.



    After I received this newspaper, I arranged for Tommy and I to meet up during the middle of the night. I discussed with him how I believe the Union will win the war, bringing the Confederacy back into America and abolishing slavery. He told me he hopes that I'm right. He thanked me and told me that he was glad I was in his life. I agreed and told him to go back to bed before we both get in trouble. Even though the Northerners won this battle, they still lost more lives then the South did

Love, Florence

1863

Dear Diary,

 On September 22, 1862, Lincoln announced a drastic proclamation stating the emancipation of slavery in states still in rebellion after January 1 or 1863. Although these do not include border states, I still think this is a good call. Many people (only in the North of course) agree with my excitement. Others, however, were less enthusiastic. Many thought this proclamation was taking steps too slow and they wished for one to abolish slavery everywhere.
  As expected, father and the rest of the newspaper company, along with mother are all very angry. I discussed the news with Mary-Jane, and she told me how her parents said that this Proclamation gave the Southerners a reason to fight in the war. As for the northerners, it redefined the Civil War as one to be fought for slavery. It also made free African Americans want to fight in the war more, which was an Act that was actually passed by Congress, allowing blacks to fight in the war this act was named the Militia Act.
This was the head of the newspaper this morning:

---

                       
                      Love, Florence

1864

Dear Diary,

    I recall that the last time I wrote in this book which happens to be a year ago, I stated that the Militia Act allows blacks to participate in the war. As most southerners opposed this, some considered drafting slaves and free blacks into the Confederacy (which never happened, thankfully).

    As for the north, the governor of Massachusetts, an abolitionist, supported the formation of the all-black 54th Massachusetts. I think this formation is so influential for other slaves as it encourages them to fight for their own rights. Even though on ground the African American soldiers weren't always treated as equals, I still think this is a very important advance in the war. Now that the north has more soldiers and even the help from enslaved people, they have yet another advantage over the south. This animation I found in fathers journal shows blacks and whites fighting bravely on the battle ground:



I also found this clip depicting the Regiment from their perspective, before battle, praying and singing to God before a battle:

Love, Florence

1863

Dear Diary,

 As the war has been increasing, the Southern life has been in danger of collapsing, as has the Confederate army. As a new country, the army has little supplies and resources, unlike the North. As I stated when the war first began, the Union has a navy, which has been a great trouble to Confederate forces. As the Union has blocked many of our ports, its so hard for farmers and slave owners like my father to get the food into markets. Since the war has plummeted our economy has been plummeting to the ground as most of it was dependent on slaves. Due to the cost of the war and the lack of supplies in the Confederacy has issued paper money which caused inflation as prices soared fro certain items. I can definitely say my life has been negatively affected by this war due to the debt it has put our country and my family in. 

 These hardships have also began to weaken southern unity as the leaders argue against Jefferson Davis. Some sates are even resisting sending their troops outside of their own borders.

As you can see, the south has been withstanding many hardships due to the war, but so has the north. I heard father talking to mother about how the drop off cotton production in the south greatly damaged their cotton textile industry. At the same time there was a high demand for clothing, arms, and other supplies. Like the south, the north also had troubles paying to supply the military. To fix this, the north attempted to raise their income tax and raise tariffs, which actually helped the northern industry by raising imported goods. They also sold many government bonds, they made billions of dollars worth of bonds. I also heard that Congress passed the Legal Tender Act last year, which created paper money called greenbacks. Here is what they look like:

It is obvious that the north is dealing with their debt so much better than the south. They have much more advantages compared to us considering they have a much stronger government. The north also passed the Homestead Act , which makes the western land cheaper in favor of those who would farm it. 

    I heard father saying that this year the Union instituted drafting, which made people ages 20-45 vulnerable to participate in the war. If you did not wish to do this you could pay $300, so obviously the poor were in no type of favor here. I think this is unfair to those who don't wish to fight in the war.  Some draft rioters created the Copperheads and went against Lincoln's conduct. As a response, the president suspended the right of habeas corpus, which protected a person from being held in jail without being charged with a specific crime. Personally I think Lincoln is taking his power too far with suspending habeas corpus, this mens that anyone can get arrested without a reason, so basically only the people who speak against him will get punished. I, as well as my father for once, agreed that the habeas corpus will only cause more people to become enraged during this time of chaos. 

Here is a political cartoon of the Greenbacks fighting the Union:

Dear Diary,

Yesterday morning my family received this letter from my uncle:

" Dear family,   

     As you know recently I have been asked to fight with the Confederate army in the civil war. I write this letter to tell my dear family about my life here. I spend most of my time here homesick and bored. For fun I usually play games with the friends I have here or playing games. Usually we prepare for battle or the doctors treat those who are sick from disease or hurt from battle wounds. Most of the time we suffer from hunger and thirst as we dont have sufficient supplies and the water we do carry is usually dirty which leads to illness in the ranks. Because of the new technology this war has adapted, I can see the effects it has compared to any other war seen in America. Most of the men in my troop have had legs and arms amputated by doctors due to gaping wounds from the new and powerful weapons. My experiences here lead to much travel an danger, as well as extreme hardship and losses. 

Here is the last picture that was taken of me:

Love, Richard Smith "

Dear Diary,

    To my liking, woman have been taking up more masculine roles since most of the men have been leaving the war. There is far much opportunities without the men here. Many have been taking up family businesses, farms, teaching jobs and plantations. Somme African American woman here in the South have actually been acting as spies and guides for my north.
In the military, most woman have been nursing and healing the sick. One woman, Carla Barton, even secured her permission to travel with Union army ambulances and assist in healing the wounded of both sides. Woman also worked to manufacture arms, ammunition and uniforms for soldiers. People are grateful for the work that woman have been doing for the war and have been thanked in newspapers. I think that this is a great step for woman as we dont have much rights in America. Some woman have even disguised themselves as men and joined the army, I wish I was brave enough to do this, I could even fight for Tommy's freedom. Some have even said that some 250 woman have been placed in the ranks of the Confederate army. Im sure people are mad about the woman taking over masculine jobs but I think this is a great thing and I am exited for what this means in the future.

Love, Florence.

Works Cited

"Telegraph Template." Telecommunications in Colorado Exhibit. Telecommunications in Colorado          Exhibit, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2016. (http://www.telcomhistory.org/vm/segment1.htm)

Long Island Wins. NY Times, n.d. Web.
(http://www.longislandwins.com/columns/detail/the_ny_times_the_germans_the_anatomy_of_a_scapegoat)

"Topics in Chronicling America - The Emancipation Proclamation." The Emancipation Proclamation.       N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.(https://www.loc.gov/rr/news/topics/emancipation.html)

"African American Soldiers at the Battle of Fort Wagner, 1863." African American Soldiers at the Battle of Fort Wagner, 1863. Ghilder Lehrman, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.(https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/african-americans-and-emancipation/resources/african-american-soldiers-battle-fort-wa)

 "Greenback." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2016. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money))

"Civil War Love Letters: May 10, 1863." History Happens Here. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.(http://www.historyhappenshere.org/node/7390)

Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2016.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army)

"ARMY.MIL, The Official Homepage of the United States Army."Vivandieres: Forgotten Women of the Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2016. (http://www.army.mil/article/11458/vivandieres-forgotten-women-of-the-civil-war/)

Week Three

      

1860

Dear diary, 

      

     Something big has happened. A man named Jefferson Davis convinced Congress to end federal interference with slavery. Father has been on a rampage ever since this occurred, he claims that his way of life is under attack, as do most southerners. As the Election of 1860 has been going on, the democrats couldn't make up their minds on if they wanted a platform supporting federal protection over slavery or not. In the end they ended up splitting into the northern and southern democrats. 
       My Father is a southern democrat, for the campaign they elected a man named John C. Beckinridge. The Republicans ended up nominating Abraham Lincoln. The Republicans wished to block slavery in the territories, yet Lincoln did not touch slavery in the south. 
  

   In conclusion, Lincoln ended up winning. This came as a great surprise to the south as Lincoln was not even on the poles here, he did not receive a single vote from the south. Here at home there has been many riots and rampages of anger, the south as a whole felt like they weren't even part of the Union if their votes didn't matter. Personally I am glad Lincoln is president, if he can end slavery at least somewhere, such as the territories, then its a start to ending something that is such a bug issue in the United States.  

I have attached map showing each states votes: here you can clearly see not one person in the south voted for Lincoln as it was either Breckinridge (southern democrat) or Bell (Whigs):

      Love, Florence

1861
Dear Diary, 
A few weeks ago South Carolina decided to leave the United States! Their secession has been a huge influence on other states, here is the article in the newspaper that father came home with today, followed by a politicaal cartoon that was also in the newspaper, depicting Lincoln walking a tight rope with the weight of an African American on his shoulders: 

SOUTH CAROLINA SECEDES: THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA 

   Infuriated with the election of Lincoln, South Carolina's legislator summoned a state convention, ending with the declaration of separation with the US. They claim they cannot be under the control of a president whose "opinions are so hostile towards slavery". 
In the next few weeks six other states joined South Carolina's secession. This new country has been titled the Confederate States of America. The newfound constitution stresses the imprortance of slavery and the independence of each stated.          Written By John Smith 

"The Coming Man's Presidential Career, a la Blondin" By Jacob Dallas

                                                                                                                                    

1861

Dear Diary,

      Father came home with the news that President Lincoln stated that there would be no war unless the south begins it. Father scoffed at this news and implied that Lincoln was asking for it. Even though father didn't completely agree with the secession, he ultimately opposed Lincoln.
    When the Southern states seceded, they seized federal forts and there remained four left. The newspaper said that the most important of which was Fort Sumter. After Buchanan's failed attempt to send troops to the fort, Licoln, intending to keep the Union together, had to decide wether or not to surrender.
     In April, the Confederate troops lacked necessities and Lincoln decided to aid them with food. The soldiers were suspicious of his acts and engaged in more warfare, leading the Union to surrender.

To explain what this surrender caused the Union, I found this nifty audio/video file to explain...

(http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history/videos/us-inches-closer-to-war)

Love, Florence

1861

Dear Diary,

In school, we were to make a list of the advantages of both sides of the war: the Union and the Confederacy. I enclosed my list Below:

                  Advantages of the Union                                           Advantages of the Confederacy 

           - Bigger population ( 22 mil vs 9 mil)             -        - Psychological advantage (fought only for
           - The advantage of a well-organized navy       -          survival 

               (250 warships = Blockading)                       -       - Strong military tradition

           - Industry helps withs warfare necessities       -       - Strong leaders (Robert E. Lee : outstandi-
           - Has an established/strong government as      -         ng record/ inspiring military leadership)

              the Confederacy has a weaker                       -      - only had to avoid defeat 

              government                                                    -      - North has to protect their Capitol (DC)

                                                                                      

Union vs Confederacy: Sart to the Civil War

      From this list it seems like  both sides have a good amount of advantages. I know everyone around me is routing for the South to win but I feel such a connection to the North. I agree with all of their principals, both Tommy and I have continued to meet with each other, we read the newspapers and we pray for good news to come.

    It appears that Robert E. Lee might even be one of the biggest advantage that the South has. His leadership throughout the upcoming war is sure to help them. Personally, it just doesn't make sense to me why Lee is helping the South, he opposes slavery yet leads the side that is fighting for it. He claims he is doing it for his family and therefor must fight for them. It disappoints me seeing people like this, Lee has a chance to do good as the North has no commander as good as he is yet he remains on the wrong side of this war...


                                                                     

    Love, Florence

Works Cited

     

"Annotated Bibliography on South Carolina's Secession." Alfredoannotated Bibliography. 

             Alfredoannated Bibliography, 17 Apr. 2014. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. 

            (https://alfredoannotatedbib.wordpress.com/2014/04/17/annotated-bibliography-on-south-   carolinas-secession/)

"United States Presidential Election, 1860." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 4 Aug. 2009. Web. 3 Feb. 2016. 

            (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860)

"Wade-Davis Bill." LSAUSHistory. LSAUSHistory13, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2016.          

            (http://lsaushistory13.wikispaces.com/Wade-Davis+Bill)

VCH, Jef. "Tag Archives: John C. Breckinridge." Vermont Humanities. Civil War Books of Days, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2016. 

           (http://civilwarbookofdays.org/tag/john-c-breckinridge/)

"HarpWeek | Elections | 1860 Large Cartoons." HarpWeek | Elections | 1860 Large Cartoons. Harp Week, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 

           2016. (http://elections.harpweek.com/1860/cartoon-1860-large.asp?UniqueID=12&Year=1860)

"The Path to Civil War Video." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2016.    

           (http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history/videos/us-inches-closer-to-war)